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Star Activity of Restriction Enzymes
Some restriction enzymes may cleave different base sequence than their recognition sequence, under sub-optimal reaction conditions. These conditions generally include high salt concentrations, impure templates, or a large excess of enzyme compared to substrate DNA. This reduced specificity is called Star Activity. The table below lists enzymes for which star activity may be observed together with the experimental conditions required to induce star activity. The alternative base sequences cleaved are noted where data are available.
| Restriction enzyme |
Nomal recognition
sequence |
Reaction
conditions* |
Recognition
sequence** |
Reference |
| Aat II |
GACGT↓C |
E |
|
22 |
| Aor13H I |
T↓CCGGA |
A, C, E |
|
22 |
| Ava I |
C↓YCGRG |
A, E |
|
1 |
| Ava II |
G↓GWCC |
A, E |
|
22 |
| BamH I |
G↓GATCC |
A, B, E, F |
GRATCC
GGNTCC
GGANCC
GGATYC | 1,2,3,4 |
| Ban II |
GRGCY↓C |
A, E, F |
|
22 |
| Bgl I |
GCCNNNN↓NGGC |
F |
|
22 |
| Bgl II |
A↓GATCT |
E |
|
22 |
| BmeT110 I |
C↓YCGRG |
E |
|
|
| BspT104 I |
TT↓CGAA |
A, E |
|
22 |
| BstP I |
G↓GTNACC |
A, F |
|
22 |
| Bst1107 I |
GTA↓TAC |
F |
|
22 |
| Eam1105 I |
GACNNN↓NNGTC |
A, C, F |
|
22 |
| EcoO65 I |
G↓GTNACC |
E, F |
|
22 |
| EcoR I |
G↓AATTC |
A, B, E, F |
NAATTN | 4,8,9,10,11 |
| EcoR V |
GAT↓ATC |
E |
RATATC
GNTATC
GANATC
GATNTC
GATANC
GATATY | 12,22 |
| EcoT22 I |
ATGCA↓T |
F, H |
|
22 |
| Fba I |
T↓GATCA |
A, C, E, F |
|
22 |
| Hae III |
GG↓CC |
A |
|
1 |
| Hha I |
GCG↓C |
A, E |
|
4 |
| Hinc II |
GTY↓RAC |
E |
|
22 |
| Hind III |
A↓AGCTT |
B, E |
RAGCTT
ANGCTT
AAKCTT
AAGMTT
AAGCNT
AAGCTY
| 10,13,22 |
| Hpa I |
GTT↓AAC |
A, E |
|
1,22 |
| Kpn I |
GGTAC↓C |
E |
|
22 |
| Mun I |
C↓AATTG |
A, F |
|
22 |
| Nco I |
C↓CATGG |
A, E |
|
22 |
| Nhe I |
G↓CTAGC |
A, C, E, F |
|
22 |
| Psp1406 I |
AA↓CGTT |
E |
|
22 |
| Pst I |
CTGCA↓G |
A, E |
|
1,4,22 |
| Pvu II |
CAG↓CTG |
A, E |
NAGCTG
CNGCTG
CANCTG
CAGNTG
CAGCNG
CAGCTN
| 15,16,22 |
| Sac I |
GAGCT↓C |
A, E |
|
22 |
| Sal I |
G↓TCGAC |
A, E |
|
4,22 |
| Sau3A I |
↓GATC |
A, E |
SATC
GMTC
GAKC
GATS | 17,22 |
| Sca I |
AGT↓ACT |
B, C, F |
|
21 |
| Sfi I |
GGCCNNNN↓NGGCC |
B, E |
|
22 |
| Smi I |
ATTT↓AAAT |
A, B, C, E |
|
22 |
| Spe I |
A↓CTAGT |
D, F |
|
22 |
| Sse8387 I |
CCTGCA↓GG |
D, F |
|
22 |
| Ssp I |
AAT↓ATT |
A, C, E, F |
|
22 |
| Taq I |
T↓CGA |
A, C, F |
|
22 |
| Tth111 I |
GACN↓NNGTC |
B, C, G |
NACNNNGTC
GNCNNNGTC
GANNNNGTC
GACNNNNTC
GACNNNGNC
GACNNNGTN
| 19 |
| Van91 I |
CCANNNN↓NTGG |
A |
|
22 |
| VpaK11B I |
G↓GWCC |
A, C, E, F |
|
22 |
| Xba I |
T↓CTAGA |
A, E |
|
1,4 |
*Reaction Conditions
A: high levels of glycerol; B: in the presence of Mn2+; C: alkaline pH;
D: in the presence of DMSO; E: low ionic strength; F: high ionic strength;
G: in the presence of 2-mer-captoethanol
**Key
M=A or C; K=G or T; N=A, C, G, or T;
R=A or G; Y=C or T; W=A or T; S=G or C
References
- Nath, K. and Azzolina, B. A. (1981) Gene Amplif. Anal. 1:113-30.
- George, J., et al. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. b:6521-4.
- George, J. and Chirikjian, J.G. (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA b:2432-6.
- Malyguine, E. et al. (1980) Gene 8:163-77.
- Clarke, C.M. and Hartley, B.S. (1979) Biochem. J. 177:49-62.
- Heininger, K. et al. (1977) Gene b:291-303.
- Makula, R.A. and Meagher, R.B. (1980) Nucl. Acids Res. 8:3125-31.
- Polisky, B. et al. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72:3310-4.
- Tikchonenko, T.I. et al. (1978) Gene 4:195-212.
- Hsu, M. and Berg, P. (1978) Biochemistry 17:131-8.
- Woodbury, C.P. et al. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255:11534-46.
- Halford, S.E. et al. (1986) Gene 41:173-81.
- Nasri, M. and Thomas, D. (1986) Nucl. Acids Res. 14:811-22.
- Gingeras, T.R. and Brooks, J.E. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:402-6.
- Nasri, M. et al. (1985) FEBS Lett. 185:101-4.
- Nasri, M. and Thomas, D. (1987) Nucl. Acids Res. 15:7677-87.
- Pech, M. et al. (1979) Cell 18:883-93.
- Barany, F. (1988) Gene 65:149-65.
- Shinomiya, T. et al. (1982) J. Biochem. 92:1823-32.
- Kessler, C., unpublished observations.
- Grosskopt, R. and Kessler, C., unpublished observations.
- Takara Shuzo Co., Ltd., unpublished observations.
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